Jadeite

Jadeite: This type is more expensive and rarer presence and the most beautiful in the world and is sold Carat him $ 3 million and could be more than that too, as he was a legend for many people until recently has been discovered in Guatemala and some California mines and exists in the form 

 of rocks bear some Alchristalat small

Most of the following Jadeite from Mexico exists in artifacts and is well known exporter and the most expensive jewel sold were registered in 1997 in Hong Kong

Scientists: Zircon oldest metal on the ground

Found Zircon gem in Western Australia, and so that the scientists estimate the age of the stone used in the first known method relies on measuring the decay of radioactive uranium in a sample rate of the metals until his conversion to lead element stage.

We found a small crystal of gem zircon in pastures for sheep Western Australia, and is the oldest metal on earth as her estimated $ 4.4 billion a year.

The researchers said in the journal Nature Geoscience The revelation confirms that the Earth's crust that formed after a relatively short period of the emergence of the planet, and that this precious stone is not only one of the components left over from the process.

In order for the scientists estimate the age of the gem zircon, which is renowned as the "Diamond of the poor," used in the first instance is a standard practice on a large scale to determine the age of minerals and rocks, it depends on the measurement of the decay of radioactive uranium rate in a sample of minerals until his conversion to lead element stage.

But because some scientists assume that this method may result in misleading results to determine the age of the metal, because of the possibility of lead atoms within the crystal movement over the ancient times, the scientists turned to a second method developed to verify this disclosure.

Where scientists have resorted to the use of CT scans of the atoms of the way, so they can identify each individual atom of lead within the crystal and estimate the mass, until they realized eventually that the age of zircon crystallization 4.4 billion a year.

Professor of Earth Sciences at the University of Geoscience John Valley and said that this revelation sustains the hypothesis that low temperature in the early ages of the emergence of land contributed to the lack of ocean courtyard, and perhaps life itself in the first epochs into eternity.

Were extracted zircon crystal 2001 from the rock formations in the Jack Hills region of Australia, and was nominally 200 at 400 microns twice the diameter of a human hair.

And zircon of the most famous gems, there are in all the earth's crust rocks of sedimentary and igneous rocks and metamorphic.

pearls

pearls: a solids spherical or oval-shaped, composed of calcium carbonate and organic materials called Balkounkeulen Concioline, be Hjovernma with 5-12 mm dimensions, enjoying smooth surfaces shiny psoriasis private Ptolqat under the sun's rays. Pearls extracted from objects pluteaceae freely from bivalve molluscs affiliated to. Characterized by varying densities and Ksawat depending on the proportions of calcium carbonate and organic adhesive conchiolin. Colored pearls of varying colors, depending on the installation of central water in which they live oysters are being donated celestial colors or green or orange or purple or black. The pink pearls are formed by manganese Mn-rich water of the most expensive types of colored pearls. The extraction of pearls Mharadtha be soft, and to harden were placed in the mouth for two hours but today are fed in a private Mahmat then on the wet fabrics, treated after Baldlk surfaces to become brighter and brighter. 12. amber amber: a gum was produced extinct fossilized conifers, which flourished in the third round Tertiary geological trees. The organic material Agrockerbonih and formula C40H64O4, marks on the shores of some of the sea in the form of spherical or oval or shapeless blocks, with yellow colors yellow or reddish or yellowish smoke, amber is characterized by a lack of cruelty It is easy to cut and carved and polished and get him the desired shapes. Density 02/01 to 10/01, bad transportation of electricity but it Atkahrb when itchy woolen cloth, unrelenting temperature of 150 Celsius degree burns at 250-400 generates smell. It is one of the gems that address to give precious jewels, especially ones containing some insects preserved (Fig -9). It should be noted here not to confuse the Latin word amber and the word «Amber» in Arabic, which is a material with the appearance of gray organic waxy lightweight and are formed in the intestines of the type of whale sperm whale and graduated vomiting, and found on the shores of tropical seas. Amber is used in perfumes and incense industry and offset the Latin word ambergris.

Opals

Opals  : the chemical composition SiO2.nH2O impurities with a variety of colorful many colors, is characterized as amorphous turns on automatically with the passage of time to Calcedona and then to quartz, hardness 5.5 to 5.6, the specific weight of 9.1 to 3.2, color milky white or varied depending on the impurities entering in combination. Jawahrh of months:
 - Alheidrofan hydrophane a glassy If Java was apparently transparent when submerged in water.
 - Alheialit hiallite a colorless transparent as glass.
 - Opal authentic original opal milky white, the bad type is the fire stone flint. 10. chalcedony chalcedony: the chemical composition SiO2 with a lot of impurities, which earn a variety of colors, made up of some beautiful gems, crystals, fibrous very precise turn with time to quartz. Strongly cohesive, compact, impermeable, smooth surface, cruelty 6-7, resistant to acids and external influences. Of the most valuable types: Saavirin (blue color), Krizoberaz (green), jade, jade or jasper (a color olive-brown or red), Agate agate (or Yamani stone), and is characterized by the structure of the zonal annular centralized irregular varying colors and beautiful, onyx onyx (onyx) and is characterized by its predecessor that subdomains color widescreen. The cheap types of dishes are very Calcedona and take the white or black or brown colors and called Balsoan.

Emeralds

Emeralds: It is one of the types of metal beryl beryl if the income is structurally chromium Cr component, and takes the composition formula [Cr- [Be3Al2 (Si6O18), crystallized in the form of prisms hexagonal, and rehearse the green light when the net, and other colors in the case of a bug in it , characterized by severely 7.5- 8 and the weight of the two types of 2.63- 2.93, unaffected by acids. Beautiful types: Emerald net (green color), aquamarine Aquamarine (bluish green), Hiluodor heliodor (golden color), Morganat morganite (pink). Used bad types of Beryl, which is not suitable for the gems in the extraction of beryllium Be alloys used in the aircraft industry and spacecraft (Alchukl- 4). 6. turquoise (or turquoise) turquoise: It takes formula CuAl6 [po4] 4.4H2O, and has a light blue, but some impurities gain gradations of color green mixed, available in nature in the form of crystals of non-engineering (three-mile triclinic) or in the form of blocks monolith hidden gelling, cruelty 5-6, specific gravity of 2.8, using the net and good varieties after teaching them the desired shape jewels for decoration and the most expensive is a heavy blue species (Fig. 5). 7. lapis lazuli lazurite: chemical composition Na6Ca (SO4, Cl, S) 2 (AlSiO4), there is in the form of crystals cuboidal or twelve decimal rhombic faces, enjoy the color dark blue or sky blue or purple or blue-green, cruelty 5. 5.5, density 2.4, glassy luster, unaffected by acids, used large crystals with net colors in the formulation of essences and invests most fragile quantities in the manufacture of dyes (Alchukl- 6). 8. topaz topaz: installation chemical Al2 [SiO4] (F, OH) 2, the crystallization of the system rhombic straight orthorhombic system, color is variable: yellow, smoky, green, blue, pink, red, unaffected by acids except fluorine, is one of the gems job in the jewelry industry.

Diamonds

Diamonds : metal composed of carbon Stone C, colorless or different colors, transparent or Atm, specific gravity 3.52, higher than the cruelty of all available materials in nature. 2. zircon zircon chemical formula Zr (SiO4) prismatic crystals quad section, colorless transparent color when the net, gaining vestiges of it kinds of different colors shall be yellow or orange or red or green. Zircon enjoys high severely 7-8 and intensity of 4.7 and high immunity towards amino exception of hydrochloric acid, which dissolves the (Alchukl- 1). Zircon arises and is formed within the igneous and metamorphic rocks (Alasthalah), types of transparent and colored large crystals used jewels for decoration, while other vestiges types used in the manufacture of tools and utensils resistance to acids and high temperatures in the steel industry, and is a zircon only source for the extraction of hafnium Hf (secondary element enters the installed).

quartz

quartz: the chemical formula SiO2, found in nature in the form of a hexagonal or triple cross-section prismatic crystals, cruelty 7, specific gravity of 2.65 for unimpaired acids except fluorine acid, dissolved in water at temperatures higher than 360, Atkahrb heating pyroelectrisation or pressure and tensile piezoelectrisation (so It is used to give a spark when the pressure in the thermal-invasive devices), net kind of it colorless and if impurities are placed in spaces and spatial structure of the retina canals acquire a variety of colors kit. Among the most famous types of senseless color and colored with beautiful colors that extracted precious gems: Quartsberistol bristol quartz (colorless) Krizoberaz cryzoprase (green Tvahi), quartz Bohemian bohemian quartz (red), Ovantoren avanturine (red gold) Ptolqat, tiger's eye or cat tiger's or cat's quartz (green or blue is shown a yellow colors of gold), eagle eye (Quartz exhale) sapphire quartz (blue is shown in colors), Omatst amthyst (purple), citrine citrine (yellow), black quartz black quartz. And milky quartz and smog and others. Quartz uses precious jewels on a large scale (especially colored), in the manufacture of watches, computers, glass, optical lenses, fiberglass and «Damat» dangling in precious chandeliers. 4. Sapphire red ruby ​​and exhale sapphire (sapphire blue): two of the gems that are selected and treated starting from crystals so-called Balchorondaum corundum which aluminum oxide and form Al2O3 crystallized prismatic forms elongated or flat or double pyramid (three-section or triple double), cruelty high comes after diamonds directly (rank 9 MOS) scale, specific gravity 4, net types of Alchorondaum large crystallized form jewels rubies and exhale, while poor species used in grafting cutting, shearing tools and grinding and polishing and invests large rallies in the aluminum extraction